Current measuring arrangement of a frequency converter

ABSTRACT

Method and appliance for measuring the output current of a frequency converter, which frequency converter contains a network bridge ( 10 ) that can be connected to an AC network, a controllable three-phase load bridge ( 11 ) that can be connected to an AC load, and a DC intermediate circuit between them, which contains a filter capacitor, which load bridge contains controllable semiconductor switches in each phase, which are controlled by pulse-width modulation, and in which the currents of the output phases are determined by means of measured samples of the current of the filter capacitor of the DC intermediate circuit.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The present invention relates to a method and an appliance for measuring the currents of a frequency converter. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and an appliance for measuring the network currents, i.e. the input currents, and the motor currents, i.e. the output currents, of a frequency converter that contains a network bridge that can be connected to an AC network and a load bridge that can be connected to an AC load as well as a DC intermediate circuit between them.

PRIOR ART

Conventionally the output currents of a frequency converter, of which reasonably good performance capability of motor regulation is desired, are measured with either two or three current transformers. Samples of the output currents are taken for regulation purposes generally at the midpoint of the null vector of the output voltage, in which the harmonics content of the measuring signal is at its smallest. A drawback of this measuring method is that it is expensive, because as many as 3 transformers are needed.

The Finnish patent publication 116337 presents an appliance for measuring the output currents of a frequency converter, wherein one current sensor situated in the DC intermediate circuit is used for forming signals corresponding to the current of the DC circuit of the frequency converter as well as a measuring unit, in which the current values of the DC intermediate circuit of the frequency converter are converted into signals corresponding to the current. In addition to this, the measuring unit incorporates a memory, in which the value of the signal at the time and of the previous signal are recorded, as well as a difference element for forming a current value corresponding to each phase current of an output as a difference between consecutive signals. With the method, however, there is a limitation relating to the formation of the output voltage in that only two switch pairs are modulated during one modulation cycle.

The current on the supply network side of the frequency converter is generally measured only when the network bridge of the frequency converter is active. According to prior art, in this case the current transformers are used similarly as on the output side also, either 2 or 3 units.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The purpose of this invention is to achieve a new kind of measuring arrangement for measuring the current of a frequency converter, with which arrangement data is obtained about the instantaneous values of both the output currents and the input currents using only one current sensor. Input current data is obtained irrespective of whether an active or a passive network bridge is in use.

According to the invention the current is measured with one current sensor situated in the intermediate circuit, which current sensor is positioned in series with the capacitor filtering the DC voltage of the intermediate circuit or with the smaller measuring capacitor connected in parallel with it. The sensor can be e.g. a parallel resistor, i.e. a shunt resistor, or a transformer based on the Hall effect. The current of the capacitor can in some cases be deduced also on the basis of the measurement of the voltage of the filter capacitor without a separate current sensor.

The measurement result of the current sensor positioned according to the invention always shows a step-like change when the position of the power switch of either the network bridge or of the load bridge changes. The magnitude of the current change is the same as the instantaneous value of an input phase current or of an output phase current. The phase in question can according to the invention be deduced from the positions of the power switches before and after the change. In addition, by taking into account the fact that the rate of change of both the input current and the output current can be estimated reasonably accurately during the time that each input voltage vector or output voltage vector is effective, the instantaneous values of the currents at the desired moment in time can be calculated. Thus roughly the same situation as with conventional systems based on a number of current transformers is achieved, in which a sample of the currents is taken e.g. two times during a modulation cycle, at the start and at the midpoint of the null vector.

Use of the method according to the invention requires that the controls of the power switches of the active network bridge and of the load bridge are synchronized with each other in order for the sample of the currents to be taken in the manner desired.

The characteristic features of the solution according to the invention are described in detail in the claims below.

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following, the invention will be described in more detail by the aid some embodiments with reference to the attached drawings, wherein

FIG. 1 presents the main circuit of a frequency converter provided with a passive network bridge,

FIG. 2 presents the main circuit of a frequency converter provided with an active passive network bridge,

FIG. 3 presents the sine-triangle modulation of the load bridge and the output currents in the intermediate circuit,

FIG. 4 presents the sine-triangle modulation of the network bridge and the input currents in the intermediate circuit,

FIG. 5 presents the turning of a phase switch, the current of the intermediate circuit and a sample of the current,

FIG. 6 presents a simplified 1-phase equivalent circuit of a 3-phase squirrel-cage motor,

FIG. 7 presents the rates of change of the motor currents during the active vectors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 presents the main circuit of a normal three-phase PWM frequency converter, in which is a filter capacitor Lac of the supply side, a network bridge 10 comprised of diodes the D1-D6 for rectifying the three-phase alternating voltage of the supply network into the DC voltage U_(DC) of the DC intermediate circuit, a filtering capacitor C_(DC) of the DC voltage, a load bridge 11 comprised of three phase switches implemented with power semiconductors, which forms the three-phase output voltage U_(U), U_(V), U_(W), from the DC voltage of the intermediate circuit, and a control unit 12. The phase switch comprises the controllable power semiconductor switches, preferably the IGBTs V11-V16, of the upper branch and the lower branch, as well as the diodes D11-D16 connected in parallel with them. A DC choke situated in the DC intermediate circuit is generally also used instead of the filter choke Lac of the supply network side presented in the figure, which solution is comparable from the standpoint of this invention.

The phase switch connects the output phase to either the U+ busbar (upper position) or the U− busbar (lower position). The turning of the switch e.g. from the upper position to the lower position occurs according to FIG. 5 such that first the control pulse of the leading IGBT of the upper branch ceases and after expiry of the so-called dead time t_(D) the control pulse of the IGBT of the lower branch starts. The control pulses are formed in the so-called modulator of the control unit.

The current measuring according to this invention is implemented with one current sensor, which is positioned in series with the filter capacitor of the intermediate circuit measuring its current i_(C), which according to the figure is the difference between the current i_(L) of the DC intermediate circuit of the network bridge side and the current i_(M) of the DC intermediate circuit of the load bridge side.

FIG. 2 presents the main circuit of a PWM frequency converter provided with an active network bridge, which differs from the main circuit presented in FIG. 1 mainly in that the network bridge 20 controlled with the control unit 22 comprises three similar phase switches implemented with the power semiconductors V21-V26 and the diodes D21-D26 as the load bridge 11. The figure presents only the choke Lac as the filter unit of the network current.

The positions of phase switches of the load bridge are determined in the so-called pulse-width modulator (PWM) of the control unit. A prior art modulation method is sine-triangle modulation, which is used as an example in the description of the method according to this invention, and of which the implementation in principle and the formation of the measuring current signal i_(C) according to the invention when using it are presented in FIG. 3.

In sine-triangle modulation each phase voltage has its own sinusoidal reference signal (U_(Uref), U_(Vref), U_(Wref)), which are compared to the common triangle signal U_(ΔM). As a result of the comparison, three position references U, V and W of the phase switches according to FIG. 3 are obtained, in which the “1” position means that in the main circuit the power semiconductor switch controlled by the upper branch leads and in the “0” position the switch of the lower branch leads. The cycle time of the triangle signal is designated the switching cycle, during which each phase switch makes one back-and-forth change in position. The switch positions, in which the phase switches are in different positions, are designated active vectors (e.g. t₂-t₃) and correspondingly the switch positions, in which each phase switch is in the same position, are designated null vectors (e.g. t₁-t₂).

The figures also show the data about the output currents in view of the current sensor situated according to the invention. For example, in the interval t₁-t₂, when all the phase switches are in the lower position, the current on the load bridge side of the intermediate circuit is (i_(M)) 0. In this case the current of the current sensor is the same as the current i_(L) on the network bridge side of the intermediate circuit. Likewise, in e.g. the interval t₂-t₃, when the U phase switch is in the upper position and the other phase switches are in the lower position, the current of the load bridge side of the intermediate circuit is the same as the current i_(U) of the U phase, in which case the current of the current sensor i_(C)=i_(L)−i_(U). Table 1 presents according to the markings of FIG. 1 the dependencies between all the different switch positions and the output phase currents visible in the i_(C)-signal, on the basis of which the output currents can be reconstructed for each phase. The network current cannot in this case be reconstructed for each specific phase nor is there normally a need for it in a frequency converter provided with a diode bridge.

TABLE 1 U V W i_(C) 0 0 0 i_(L) 1 0 0 i_(L) − i_(U) 0 1 0 i_(L) − i_(V) 0 0 1 i_(L) − i_(W) 1 1 0 i_(L) + i_(W) 0 1 1 i_(L) + i_(U) 1 0 1 i_(L) + i_(V) 1 1 1 i_(L)

FIG. 4 presents an implementation in principle of sine-triangle modulation determined by the positions of the phase switches of an active network bridge according to FIG. 2 and the formation of a current signal i_(C) to be measured according to the invention. In sine-triangle modulation each phase voltage has its own sinusoidal reference signal (U_(Rref), U_(Sref), U_(Tref)), which are compared to the common triangle signal U_(ΔV). As a result of the comparison, three position references R, S and T of the phase switches according to FIG. 4 are obtained, in which the “1” position means that in the main circuit the power semiconductor switch controlled by the upper branch leads and in the “0” position the switch of the lower branch leads.

The figures also show the data about the output currents in view of the current sensor situated according to the invention. For example, in the interval t₁₁-t₁₂, when all the phase switches are in the lower position, the current on the network bridge side of the intermediate circuit is (i_(L)) 0. In this case the current of the current sensor is the same as the current of the load bridge side of the intermediate circuit but negative (−i_(M)). Likewise, in e.g. the interval t₁₂-t₁₃, when the R phase switch is in the upper position and the other phase switches are in the lower position, the current of the network bridge side of the intermediate circuit is the same as the current i_(L1) of the R phase, in which case the current of the current sensor i_(C)=i_(L1)−i_(M). Table 2 presents according to the markings of FIG. 2 the dependencies between all the different switch positions and the input phase currents visible in the i_(C) signal, on the basis of which the input currents can be reconstructed for each phase.

TABLE 2 R S T i_(C) 0 0 0 −i_(M) 1 0 0 i_(L1) − i_(M) 0 1 0 i_(L2) − i_(M) 0 0 1 i_(L3) − i_(M) 1 1 0 −i_(L3) − i_(M) 0 1 1 −i_(L1) − i_(M) 1 0 1 −i_(L2) − i_(M) 1 1 1 −i_(M)

Reconstruction of the output currents from the signal of the current sensor is based on the general nature of a three-phase system (the sum of both the input currents and the output currents is 0) and on the characteristics of a modulator based on sine-triangle comparison. A sample is taken from the current (from the i_(C) current) of the DC intermediate circuit according to this invention in conjunction with turnings of the phase switches in the manner presented in FIG. 5. The figure presents a typical control arrangement of power switches, in which e.g. when the position reference of the phase switch turns from up to down, first the control pulse of the leading IGBT of the upper branch is stopped and after a so-called dead time t_(D) (e.g. 2 μs) the control pulse of the lower branch is started.

The turning of each phase switch of the active network bridge or of the load bridge causes a change in the current i_(C) measured by the current sensor. According to the invention the first sample of the current to be measured is taken at the same moment as the gate control pulse of the leading IGBT ceases, e.g. at the moments of time t₁ and t₃ of FIG. 5. Correspondingly the second sample is taken after a suitable delay subsequent to the starting of the control pulse of the firing IGBT, in the example of the figure at the moments of time t₂ and t₄. The delay (t₂-t₁ and t₄-t₃ in FIG. 5) is preferably so long that the vibration phenomena subsequent to the firing of an IGBT have subsided, e.g. 5 μs. A delay of this order of magnitude is so short that the input currents and output currents to be measured do not have time during that period to change substantially, so that with respect to them the first and the second sample are in practice simultaneous.

The magnitude and duration of vibrations disturbing the sample-taking depend on, among other things, the capacitance of the motor cable which, for its part, the length of the cable affects. Any random error in the sample-taking caused by vibrations can be eliminated by using the integrating sample-taking principle presented in FIG. 5. In the method a time integral of the signal to be measured is formed during a defined measuring period t₁, e.g. 3 μs, and the sample-taking is performed at the end of the period.

With the sample-taking principles describe above, the rate of change of the output currents is obtained twice during the switching cycle taking into account, in practice simultaneous, samples of two phase currents, on the basis of which the instantaneous value of also the third phase current can be calculated. For example, at the times t₃ and t₆ of FIG. 3, samples of the output currents i_(U) and −i_(V), are measured, from which the third current i_(W)=−i_(U)−i_(V) can be calculated (the value of the DC current of the network bridge side is in this case ascertained during the null vector t₁-t₂ and/or t₄-t₅, so that its proportion can be eliminated from the measuring results). Based on the samples the measurement can also be ascertained from the rate of change of the phase current (e.g. the rate of change di/dt of the i_(U) current in the interval t₂ . . . t₃ can be calculated directly from their current samples of these times). The rate of change of the other phase currents can be calculated with sufficient accuracy in accordance with FIGS. 6 and 7 and the explanations relating to them.

In the case of an active network bridge the sample-taking from the input currents functions similarly to the sample-taking of the output currents described above. In order for the connection between the measurement result of the current sensor and the input current or output current connected to it to function in the manner according to this invention, the modulators of the network bridge and of the load bridge must in this case be synchronized with each other such that the phase switches of only one or the other bridge turn position at a time.

FIG. 6 presents a single-phase simplified equivalent circuit of a 3-phase squirrel-cage motor, such as is normally controlled with a frequency converter, from which the less significant components from the standpoint of forming a measured motor current according to this invention have been omitted. The following markings are used in the figure:

-   -   U-0=phase voltage     -   U1=counter-EMF (electromotive force)     -   L_(S)=reactance restricting change in current (mainly the sum of         the stray reactance of the stator and the rotor)     -   R₂′/s=resistance of rotor circuit         Based on the figure, it can be seen that the rate of change of         the current of the motor can be calculated when the phase         voltage supplied to the motor, the counter-EMF and the stray         reactance of the stator are known:

di/dt=[(U−0)−U1]/L _(S)

FIG. 7 presents how the data needed for determining the rate of change of the current can be derived in the case of the motor circuit. For the sake of clarity, the figure presents the full output voltage situation, a so-called “six step” voltage diagram. The figure presents:

-   -   The positions/potentials of the U, V and W phase switches, which         alternate between U+ and U−     -   The potential 0 of the virtual star point is the same as the         average of the output voltages, so that in the case of the         figure it varies between U+/3 and U−/3 In a situation in which         all the output switches are in the same position, the potential         of the virtual star point is, in accordance with its definition,         the same as the potential of the phase switches also (not shown         in the figure).     -   The phase voltage supplied to the motor, e.g. U as presented in         the figure, is the difference of the voltage between the output         voltage in question and the virtual star point, which in the         case of the figure varies between 4/3*U+ and 4/3*U−. When all         the phase switches are in the same position, also all the phase         voltages are 0.     -   The sinusoidal descriptor U1 of the counter-EMF of the motor,         which can either be calculated on the basis of the motor model         or alternatively the basic wave of the phase voltage U can be         used as a rough value (which is comparable to the sine wave used         in the sine-triangle modulator). With the current estimated over         a sufficiently short interval, the error arising from this         simplification is minor.     -   The voltage diagram of the difference between the phase voltage         U and the counter-EMF U1, which according to FIG. 6 and the         explanations relating to it is comparable to the rate of change         di_(U)/dt of the phase current. In the simplified case of the         figure, the phase switches are never in the same position, in         which type of situation the difference between the voltages in         question and the rate of change of the phase current are of         course of the magnitude of the instantaneous value of the         counter-EMF.

The rates of change of the other phase currents di_(V)/dt and di_(W)/dt calculated in a corresponding manner.

Since the sum of the changes of the phase currents is 0 and the mutual magnitudes of their rates of change can be calculated in the manner presented above, the current changes of the other phases in the same interval also can be calculated on the basis of the change of one measured phase current. Thus it is possible to reconstruct the instantaneous value of each phase current in advance or in retrospect at each point of change closest to the output voltage vector (times t₁, t₂ . . . t₇ etc. in FIG. 3) or at any point in time desired.

In the case of an active network bridge, calculation of the current changes functions in a similar manner:

-   -   the estimated network current, which is obtained from the         modulator of the network bridge, corresponds to the counter-EMF         of FIG. 6, and the filter choke Lac corresponds to the reactance         limiting the change of current     -   the logic according to FIG. 7 functions fully correspondingly to         that on the motor side.

The conventional current measuring moment observed to be good is located at the midpoint of the null vector (=the tip of the triangle, thus e.g. approximately at the midpoint of the times t₄ . . . t₅ in FIG. 3). With the method according to this invention the same result is achieved (by calculating in this case the average of the measured and calculated currents at the times t₄ and t₅).

In heavy-duty frequency converters, in which the capacitance of the filter capacitor is very large and it comprises a number of different components connected in parallel, the current sensor can preferably be connected in series with a separate measuring capacitor that is connected in parallel with the filter capacitors. The current to be measured is in this case smaller in relation to the parallel connection of the capacitances of other storage capacitors than the actual current i_(C) according to FIGS. 1 and 2.

When the filter capacitor of the intermediate circuit is very small, e.g. according to patent publication FI 108819, the current can be deduced according to one embodiment of the invention on the basis of measurement of the voltage of the filter capacitor without a separate current sensor, basing it on the fact that the rate of change of the voltage of the capacitor is directly comparable to the current of the capacitor.

It is obvious to the person skilled in the art that the different embodiments of the invention are not limited solely to the examples described above, but that they may be varied within the scope of the claims presented below. 

1. Method for measuring the output current of a frequency converter, which frequency converter contains a network bridge (10, 20) that can be connected to an AC network, a controllable three-phase load bridge (11) that can be connected to an AC load, as well as a DC intermediate circuit between them, which contains a filter capacitor, which load bridge contains controllable semiconductor switches in each phase, which are controlled by pulse-width modulation, characterized in that the currents of the output phases are determined by means of measured samples of the current of the filter capacitor of the DC intermediate circuit.
 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the samples of the current of the filter capacitor are measured in conjunction with turnings of the phase switches of the load bridge, and in the method a first sample of the current to be measured is taken each time at the same time as the gate control pulse of the leading semiconductor switch ceases and a second sample is taken after a delay subsequent to the starting of the control pulse of the firing semiconductor switch, which delay is such that the output current to be measured does not have time during that period to change substantially.
 3. Method according to claim 1 in conjunction with a frequency converter provided with an active network bridge (20), wherein the network bridge is also a three-phase controllable bridge provided with controllable semiconductor switches, characterized in that also the currents of the input phases are determined by means of measured samples of the current of the filter capacitor of the DC intermediate circuit.
 4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the controls of the power switches of the network bridge and of the load bridge are synchronized with each other, and the samples of the current of the filter capacitor are measured in conjunction with turnings of the phase switches of both the network bridge and of the load bridge.
 5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the current of the filter capacitor of the DC intermediate circuit is measured with the current measuring sensor connected in series with it.
 6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the current of the filter capacitor of the DC intermediate circuit is determined by means of the current measuring sensor, which measures the current of the measuring capacitor that is smaller in terms of capacitance and connected in parallel with it.
 7. Method according to claim 1, in which the result of the current measurement is calculated on the basis of the measured voltage change of the filter capacitor of the intermediate circuit.
 8. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a time integral is formed from the current measuring signal before the sample-taking.
 9. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the rate of change (di/dt) of the output currents and of the input currents is calculated on the basis of the measured samples and the time between the moments of change of the voltage vectors.
 10. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the values of all the output currents and of the input currents at the desired instant are calculated on the basis of the measured rates of change of the current.
 11. Method according to claim 1 above, characterized in that the value of the output currents and the input currents is estimated on the basis of the calculated instantaneous values at the midpoint of the null vector.
 12. Appliance for measuring the output current of a frequency converter, which frequency converter contains a network bridge (10, 20) that can be connected to an AC network, a controllable three-phase load bridge (11) that can be connected to an AC load as well as the DC intermediate circuit, which contains a filter capacitor, between them in which appliance is a control unit, which load bridge contains controllable semiconductor switches in each phase, and the control unit contains a modulator, which controls the semiconductor switches with pulse-width modulation, characterized in that the control unit determines the currents of the output phases by means of the measured samples of the current of the filter capacitor of the output phase DC intermediate circuit.
 13. Appliance according to claim 12, characterized in that the samples of the current of the filter capacitor are measured in conjunction with turnings of the phase switches of the load bridge, and the control unit takes a first sample of the current to be measured each time at the same time as the gate control pulse of the leading semiconductor switch ceases and a second sample is taken after a delay subsequent to the starting of the control pulse of the firing semiconductor switch, which delay is such that the output current to be measured does not have time during that period to change substantially.
 14. Appliance according to claim 12 in conjunction with a frequency converter provided with an active network bridge (20), characterized in that the control unit determines the currents of also the input phases by means of measured samples of the current of the filter capacitor of the DC intermediate circuit.
 15. Appliance according to claim 12, characterized in that the controls of the power switches of the network bridge and of the load bridge are synchronized with each other, and the samples of the current of the filter capacitor are measured in conjunction with turnings of the phase switches of both the network bridge and of the load bridge.
 16. Appliance according to claim 12, characterized in that it contains a current measuring sensor, which is situated in series with the filter capacitor of the DC voltage, for measuring the current of the filter capacitor
 17. Appliance according to claim 12, characterized in that the current of the filter capacitor of the DC intermediate circuit is determined by means of the current measuring sensor, which measures the current of the measuring capacitor that is smaller in terms of capacitance and connected in parallel with it.
 18. Appliance according to claim 12, characterized in that it contains means for measuring the voltage of the filter capacitor, and in which the control unit calculates the current measuring result on the basis of the measured voltage change of the filter capacitor of the intermediate circuit.
 19. Appliance according to claim 12 above, characterized in that a time integral is formed from the current measuring signal before the sample-taking.
 20. Appliance according to claim 12 above, characterized in that the rate of change (di/dt) of the output currents and of the input currents is calculated on the basis of the measured samples and the time between the moments of change of the vectors.
 21. Appliance according to claim 12 above, characterized in that the values of all the output currents and the input currents at the desired instant are calculated on the basis of the measured rates of change of the current.
 22. Appliance according to claim 12 above, characterized in that the value of the output currents and of the input currents are estimated on the basis of the calculated instantaneous values at the midpoint of the null vector.
 23. Appliance according to claim 12 above, characterized in that the current measuring sensor is a shunt resistor situated in the intermediate circuit.
 24. Appliance according to claim 12 above, characterized in the current measuring sensor is a transformer based on the Hall effect situated in the intermediate circuit. 